Using the Keyword Final with Inheritance in Java

While one of Javas strengths is the concept of inheritance, in which one class can derive from another, sometimes its desirable to prevent inheritance by another class. To prevent inheritance, use the keyword final when creating the class. For example, if a class is likely to be used by other programmers, you may wish to prevent inheritance if any subclasses created could cause problems. A typical example is the String class. If we wanted to create a String subclass: public class MyString extends String{ï » ¿} We would be faced with this error: cannot inherit from final java.lang.String The designers of the String class realized that it was not a candidate for inheritance and have prevented it from being extended. Why Prevent Inheritance? The main reason to prevent inheritance is to make sure the way a class behaves is not corrupted by a subclass. Suppose we have a class Account and a subclass that extends it, OverdraftAccount. Class Account has a method getBalance(): public double getBalance(){ return this.balance; } At this point in our discussion, subclass OverdraftAccount has not overridden this method. (Note: For another discussion using this Account and OverdraftAccount classes, see how a subclass can be treated as a superclass). Lets create an instance each of the Account and OverdraftAccount classes: Account bobsAccount new Account(10); bobsAccount.depositMoney(50); OverdraftAccount jimsAccount new OverdraftAccount(15.05,500,0.05); jimsAccount.depositMoney(50); //create an array of Account objects //we can include jimsAccount because we //only want to treat it as an Account object Account[] accounts {bobsAccount, jimsAccount}; //for each account in the array, display the balance for (Account a:accounts) { System.out.printf(The balance is %.2f%n, a.getBalance()); } The output is: The balance is 60.00 The balance is 65.05 Everything appears to work as expected, here. But what if OverdraftAccount overrides the method getBalance()? There is nothing to prevent it from doing something like this: public class OverdraftAccount extends Account { private double overdraftLimit; private double overdraftFee; //the rest of the class definition is not included public double getBalance() { return 25.00; } } If the example code above is executed again, the output will be different because the getBalance() behavior in the OverdraftAccount class is called for jimsAccount: The output is: The balance is 60.00 The balance is 25.00 Unfortunately, the subclass OverdraftAccount will never provide the correct balance because we have corrupted the behavior of the Account class through inheritance. If you design a class to be used by other programmers, always consider the implications of any potential subclasses. This is the reason the String class cannot be extended. Its extremely important that programmers know that when they create a String object, its always going to behave like a String. How to Prevent Inheritance To stop a class from being extended, the class declaration must explicitly say it cannot be inherited. This is achieved by using the final keyword: public final class Account { } This means that the Account class cannot be a superclass, and the OverdraftAccount class can no longer be its subclass. Sometimes, you may wish to limit only certain behaviors of a superclass to avoid corruption by a subclass. For example, OverdraftAccount still could be a subclass of Account, but it should be prevented from overriding the getBalance() method. In this case use, the final keyword in the method declaration: public class Account { private double balance; //the rest of the class definition is not included public final double getBalance() { return this.balance; } } Notice how the final keyword is not used in the class definition. Subclasses of Account can be created, but they can no longer override the getBalance() method. Any code calling that method can be confident it will work as the original programmer intended.

International Energy Resources And Prices - 1259 Words

1. In what ways is OPEC important, and not so important, in terms of international energy resources and prices? In the panorama of international relations, the absence of universal or potentially universal institution dealing with energy is notable. Established in 1960, OPEC’s original trigger was the continuing slide in posted prices, which at the time were unilaterally established by the International Oil Companies. It is frequently maintained that OPEC is a cartel that has the power to effectively limit its members’ oil production and exports and thus influence oil prices. However, this representation is way off the mark, and grossly exaggerates OPEC’s cohesion and influence. In actual fact, OPEC is more akin to a club whose members†¦show more content†¦By that, the major pro will be a cleaner air and better quality, reducing the number of deaths caused by poor quality air. The con of fracking for health problems is that air quality dynamics around fracking operations are not fully understood. Similarly, fracking is known for its low water intensity compared to fuels and nuclear, which use up to 10 times more water than fracking (per energy unit). However, the con is the intrusive presence of fracking within the environment where it is implemented: noise, heavy infrastructures etc. In addition, fracking raises the question of greenhouse gas leaks. The major pro of hydraulic fracturing here is the gigantic benefit of release of green house emission: it is commonly believed that natural gas produces only about 50% of the greenhouse gas emission compared with burning of coal. On the other hand, researches have showed that big quantities of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, have leaked from fracking. The third important point linked to hydraulic fracturing concerns drinking water and shallow aquifers. The major pro raised in that question is the reliability of fracking operations and infrastructures: drinking water is situated at different level than oil or gas which means that with an efficient good quality piping system, contaminating drinking water supplies is very unlikely. However, this particular point has revealed to be a

Analysis Of Hills Like White Elephants And The Man...

Reading, whether it is a short story, newspaper, or novel, can affect the way the people view things. Reading has changed countless opinions and views of history and many other things around the world. Most people mature and develop better analytical skills from reading a wide variety of different literary pieces. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Ernest Hemingway, A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, and â€Å"The Man He Killed† by Thomas Hardy are three pieces of literature that have significantly impacted me as a reader. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† by Hemingway is a short story about a girl who is put into a position to make an important decision. She sits with a man whom she has an intimate relationship with. While they sit at a train station, they discuss and argue about the important decision. The man portrays a masculine and controlling demeanor while the girl portrays dependence and a naà ¯ve type love towards the man. Throughout the story , the man tries to encourage the girl to make the decision, portraying a false sense of care for the girl. It is evident in the story that the man does not care for the girl as much as she cares for him. The man shows agitation towards the confused girl. While the girl questions her decision, the man already made his decision. The girl drinks throughout their argument to find courage. She continuously says that she is doing the operation for the man and not for herself. She just wants her relationship with the man to be back to theShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"the Lottery† and â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"Hills like White Elephants† Regardless of the type of society people live in controversial topics and cowardly individuals can create conflict. 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Hair (1967:86) gives the following account of the origin of Crowthers dictionary: He came to the conclusion that translation work was held back by the problem of dialects, and that more must be learnt before a firm policy could be evolved. To this end, in the late 1870s he ordered the missionaries at Onitsha to begin work on a comparative dictionary of Igbo dialects. This ambitious enterprise was not carried out, mainly because

Best Conclusion Of The Essay On Sikhism Example For Students

Best Conclusion Of The Essay On Sikhism God sends His messengers into the world from time to time to guidehumanity, states Professor Gobind Singh Mansukhani, author of the book,The Quintessence of Sikhism. Although Jesus Christ was considered to be sent toEarth between 8 BC and 4 BC by god, the ten Gurus, who found the Sikh religionfive hundred years ago in the Punjab region of India, were also considered to bemessengers of God (Jesus Christ 194-198; Mansukhani 1; Kleffman 1). These founders of the Sikh religion, unlike others of the time, recorded theirteachings and their beliefs in the Guru Granth Sahib, a holy book that isconsidered to be the eternal Guru (Sikh Missionary Center 244). The history,beliefs, and distinction from other religions make Sikhism a fascinatingreligion. Originating in the fifteenth century, Sikhism struggles to stay alivein India, even today. Guru Nanak Dev Ji, the founder of Sikhism established thisreligion, free from the discriminating ideas of Hinduism and Islam (Mansukhani2; Wolcott and Wolcott 48). Guru Nanak Dev Ji carried the Divine Light, whichallowed his body to be a platform for God to speak on. This light was passed onto the other nine Gurus who created the Guru Granth Sahib (Sikh MissionaryCenter 7-9). The eighth Guru, Guru Harkishan Dev Ji, became a Guru at the age offive (Guru Harkishan Dev Ji Internet). His knowledge and power awedpeople who realized he was really divine (Mansukhani 30-32). The lives of mostSikhs w ere threatened by religious hatred everyday. The fifth Guru, Guru ArjanDev Ji, and the ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, both became martyrs. GuruArjan Dev Ji was tortured with boiling water, thrown on burning sand, and wasseated on a red-hot plate because he would not give up his faith. Similarly,Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji also became a martyr. He refused to lose his faith and diedsaying Gods name. Today, Sikhs are still dying for their beliefs (Mansukhani23-25, 35-36). For Sikhs, their beliefs are declared in the Guru Granth Sahib. The Guru Granth Sahib contains the words of all ten Gurus and is the eternalGuru. This holy books teachings are protected in such a way that its followerswould notice if a comma or a period is out of place (Sikh Missionary Center 3,248). Sikhism opposes the caste system that existed in India. In fact, the Guruserased the caste system in Sikhs by creating a Langar system, which means GurusFree Kitchen. This system still exists today and requires everyone, rich orpoor, to sit side by side and share a meal, despite of social classes (Mansukhani15-16; Sikh Missionary Center 3-4). The Guru Granth Sahib also states womanshould be equal. Guru Nanak Dev Ji pointed out that women were never inferior tomen because they can get salvation also (Sikh Missionary Center 278). Besidespromoting equality, Sikhism respects other religions. The Guru Granth Sahibincludes excerpts from Hindu and Muslim saints, to show Sikhs to accept otherfaiths (Gurbani CD 6). All the beliefs of Sikhs are outlined in the holy bookwritten by the ten Gurus, themselves (Sikh Missionary Center 248). AlthoughSikhism is different from other religions, it is similar in many aspects also. Unlike other religions, everything people know about Sikhism comes from themouths of the Gurus. For example, The Sikh Missionary Center writesthere came Mahatma Buddh in India and he never wrote anything with hishands. After that came Christ who did not write anything himself. His teachingare only known through the Bible. Sikhism believes materialistic itemscome in the way of salvation (Sikh Missionary Center 3, 248, 249). Similarly,Buddhists also agree materialistic values get in the way of nirvana, the stateof peace (Buddhism 319-325). Sikhism, Hinduism, and Buddhism allsupport reincarnation (Sikh Missionary Center 253; Wolcott and Wolcott 36;Buddhism 322). Although there are several similarities with otherreligions, Sikhism is unique in its own way. Although times have changed, theSikh religion has remained unchanged for the last five hundred years (Kleffman1). The ten messengers God sent to Earth have helped form the Sikh religion (Mansukhani1). The holy book which the ten Gurus created is the living Guru, since it willlast forever and holds all the teachings of the past Gurus (Sikh MissionaryCenter 244). The ideas behind Sikhism make it a unique religion.

A Guide to Every Freshman Year Youll Experience

Freshman year sucks. Well, not really - but whether you’re a freshman in high school, college, or life, the transition isn’t easy. It’s filled with new experiences and new rules that youll likely have never heard of before, so it’s hard to get used to. While people might warn you about the things you’re likely to face, you probably won’t find out what you can do to prepare for your new lifestyle that you’ll undoubtedly have. Here are just the three best ways that you can prepare for your high school, college, and post-college first years: High School: 1. Learning the keys to social life in high school is definitely one of the most awkward and frustrating times. The best thing you can do early on is find at least one friend in each class. It’ll make the transition a lot easier - not only will you have a friend to bond with, you’ll also have someone to study with, starting early. 2. One of the toughest things about high school is managing your time properly. Luckily, there are plenty of apps and programs to use on both your smartphone and computer. Notes organizers, reminders, to-do lists, and calendars are just a handful of utilities that you can take advantage of to help out. Getting on top of time management early in high school can set good habits for later on. 3. Don’t be afraid to talk to your teachers. They’re there to help you learn, so if you do have questions about anything, they’ll be there to support you. Plenty of students aren’t willing to ask for help, so it’s easy to fall into the pack and not reach out or raise questions in class. But it’s better to get out ahead of something you might not understand or material you’re having trouble with, especially before an assignment or exam. College:1. Try things out. Most universities have a plethora of clubs available to you across all different types of activities. Whether you’re interested in playing sports, watching TV, reading books, or anything academic, odds are, your school will have a club for it. It’s a great way to meet people and find new interests, and it’s also the perfect way to bolster your resume by pursuing personal interests. 2. Search and find the perfect place for you to study. It might seem like a dumb thing to start with, but there are plenty of students who go through the year, bouncing from study hall to library without ever getting comfortable. Something as simple as studying in the same place can actually help you improve your learning, so it’s worth taking the first few weeks of classes to find the best spot for you. 3. Get to know your campus resources, whether it’s meeting with your academic advisor or finding the best places to grab a bite to eat. The little things make a huge difference in college, especially considering you’re fully in charge of your own life for what’s probably the first time. Balancing your time between academics and social life when you have so much freedom isn’t an easy thing to do, but using all the resources that your college has to offer can certainly help. Post-College:1. Network. One of the most important aspects of your post-college life is building and expanding your network. Not only can it lead to job opportunities, it’s a good way to have contacts in various areas for any number of reasons. Beyond that, having an expansive network is a good way to reach out for help - if you’re having an issue with a project that you’re working on, contact someone who has done something similar for an explanation or a new perspective. 2. Get on LinkedIn right now. No seriously - these days, not having a LinkedIn profile is going to hurt you a lot more than you think. Employers and connections always expect to find a profile for every realistic candidate, so creating one is extremely important. It’s the perfect way to showcase your experience, leadership, and any extra important honors or certificates you’ve earned. Plus, it’s the best way to quickly and easily grow your network, and it’s an even easier way to interact with people you’re looking to reach out to. 3. Your resume is a living, breathing thing, but most people forget that. If you have experience that’s a good fit for one job opportunity but not for another, don’t be afraid to swap it out for something else. Change terms, edit bullet points, or remove an entire past job if you think it’ll help. It’s not permanent, so update it on a consistent basis.

Aral Sea Essays

Aral Sea Essays Aral Sea Essay Aral Sea Essay Struggle and conflicts for water among people are unavoidable. Situation is no different in developed and developing countries. Developed countries like Belgium, Great Britain, Poland, Singapore, and North America are already feeling water stress. It becomes difficult for rivers and groundwater resources in UK to satisfy the augmented water demands of summer heat. Similarly in USA, agricultural requirements are fighting for their share with urban needs of water. Different states in India are fighting for their share of water bodies. Chinese farmers are sacrificing their water needs to feed urban demands of cities. Less water for irrigation means less food grains production and eventually a global food crisis. Shared water resources among countries will add to this fight. For instance Africa, where the conditions are already worse, will see different countries fighting for the Nile, Zambezi, Niger, and Volta river basins to meet their water needs. Similarly Aral Sea Basin for Central Asia and rivers like Amu Darya and Syr Darya will be a subject of conflict among Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. The US and Mexico also share cold space over the Colorado River (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; Ch. 3. 3 ). Pollution has been the biggest enemy of rivers, lakes and other freshwater resources. Many rivers and lakes today are nothing more than garbage dumps. Industries discard their toxic chemical wastes in the water resources. Use of toxic chemicals like fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture is polluting ground water resources. People will use 70% of surface freshwater available in rivers and lakes by 2025 which at present is 54%. This will disturb the whole balance of nature and other aquatic ecosystems and their inhabitants. Ecosystems like wetlands are of enormous importance. They help human beings in different ways serving as flood regulators, waste filtration systems and natural flora and fauna habitats. Mismanagement of water resources has led to the extinction of numerous species of invaluable freshwater fish. Damage done is irreversible. Trees are vital for water conservation as they replenish groundwater, protect soil erosion and balance the hydrological cycle. Growing population and industrialization is eating away forests at an alarming rate adding to the problems (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 4). Millions of people are dying around the world due to the unavailability of clean and safe water for their daily requirements. Situation is more disappointing in developing countries where major diseases and deaths occur because of water related diseases. Water borne diseases are caused from contaminated water. Unclean water for drinking and not enough water for sanitation give rise to water borne diseases like cholera, typhoid, shigella, polio, meningitis, and hepatitis A and E claiming millions of lives every year. Disposal of human and animal wastes in freshwater resources infects the water and hence leads to the spread of diseases. Industrial and agricultural chemical wastes in water can lead to diseases like cancer. Authorities should take steps to provide clean water for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene. Provision of proper sanitation facilities is also very important for appropriate waste disposal. Another set of diseases is called water based diseases spread by flukes, tapeworms, roundworms and tissue nematodes that live in contaminated water. Diseases like guinea worm (dracunculiasis), paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, and schistosomiasis (bilharzia) fall under this category. These diseases are more common in areas near Dams. Keeping a distance from unhygienic water and food can help prevent thee diseases from spreading. Water-related vector diseases are spread by mosquitoes, tsetse flies and other insects that carry infections. These carriers live in foul and unclean water and cause diseases like malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever, sleeping sickness, and filariasis. Using pesticides to kill these insects and wiping out their breeding grounds like dirty and stagnant water helps preventing these diseases. Trachoma, leprosy, tuberculosis, whooping cough, tetanus, and diphtheria are the diseases that spread due to insufficient water for maintaining personal hygiene. These can be prevented by providing enough water for sanitation (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 5). Water conservation and proper use is very important for ensuring adequate availability of water to everyone on this earth including flora and fauna. Every area needs improvement and water management. Water used for irrigation in agriculture needs foremost attention. A lot of water is wasted while reaching crops through irrigation systems. Some of it gets recovered as groundwater but majority of it gets contaminated by chemicals. On one side inadequate water for irrigation limits land use and crop yield while on the other side excess of water in the fields can lead to water logging and salinization and hence destruction of land and crops. Irrigation techniques like drip irrigation and low-energy precision application (LEPA) can improve irrigation efficiency considerably. Drip irrigation lowers the wastage of water and is getting widely adopted. LEPA is an efficient form of sprinkler system leading to water conservation and increased food production. Water harvesting by collecting water in rainy season and using in dry season is also an attractive option for poor countries. Treated urban wastewater can also be used for irrigation. Israel is famous for its urban wastewater reuse for agriculture purpose. Stopping deforestation and planting more and more trees also helps in water conservation (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6). Water in industries must be recycled and used again and again to save precious natural resource. Many industries employ these techniques to conserve water. Chemicals, iron and steel, and pulp and paper are some of the industries that must pay attention to their water usage and adopt water conservation techniques. In household, people must save water and use it sensibly. We will have to pay the price of wasting water uselessly when in excess sooner or later. Only needed quantity of water must be used. Municipal corporations must ensure that their water transit systems are efficient enough not to waste water and maximum share must reach consumers. Leakage from pipes and illegal tapping must be checked. Laws to prevent stealing and wastage of water must be formulated by the authorities (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6. 2). Population growth is the biggest challenge to be dealt with for saving water. Growing population at unregulated rates is a major problem especially in developing countries that already face water scarcity. It is very important for people to adopt family planning measures to keep a check on the rising population. Authorities must also educate people and spread awareness about the harms of unregulated births. They must inform people about the family planning measures and offer every kind of medical and financial help to achieve this objective (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 6. 5). Techniques like pressurization of seawater, filtration via carbon nanotubes, and reverse osmosis can be used for desalinization of water to add to fresh water. Presently these treatments are very expensive. Promotion of vegetarian eating habits and saltwater agriculture on coastlines is needed (â€Å"Water†). Efforts are required on international, national and regional levels for water conservation. Countries must formulate policies and must support each other’s initiatives to create a better living place. Money and resources are essential and developed countries must support developing countries (Hinrichsen, Robey and Upadhyay â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†; ch. 7). Save water! Its precious! Hinrichsen, D. , Robey, B. , and Upadhyay, U. D. â€Å"Solutions for a Water-Short World†. Population Reports, Series M, No. 14. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Population Information Program, December 1997. November 23, 2008 infoforhealth. org/pr/m14/m14chap1. shtml#top â€Å"Water†. millennium-project. org. World Federation of UN Associations. November 23, 2008 millennium-project. org/millennium/Global_Challenges/chall-02. html

Wheat Field with Cypresses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Wheat Field with Cypresses - Essay Example A lot of the correspondences were descriptive of life in London and Netherlands. Theo was not the only person he corresponded with; there were other people such as Johanna van Gogh-Bonger (Theo’s wife), Wil (his sister), Emile Bernard and others. Vincent van Gogh would include a lot of sketches in his letters to anyone. He always made sure he added a sketch to complement the letters. Apparently, his correspondences would never be complete without a sketch illustrating the subject of his letters. That was out of pure love for both literature and art. He strongly believed in art and literature as powerful tools for communication. He perceived the society and everything around him using artistic lenses, which is why he drew and painted pictures a lot. At the time he wrote the letters, he was a young man who had started to believe that his destiny lay in art. Any art and literature lover would not want to stop reading van Gogh’s letters. Wheat Field with Cypresses is van Gogh’s painting work, in which he used an oil paint to draw complete picture of a typical wheat field with cypress trees, clouds, the horizon and a lot of other environmental components. This and his other painting works are an upgrade from the letters and sketches he was concentrating in earlier on. Wheat Field with Cypresses is able to communicate without any words used to describe it. His use of different colors to illustrate the different elements within the picture eliminates the need for a literary description. One may question the relationship that exists between van Gogh’s several letters and the Wheat Field with Cypresses. The relationship may not be as direct as one would expect, but there is a big connection. Both are depictions of a shrewd artist who used art to communicate and to paint a picture of the society. The letters were numerous and various. The themes of the letters were different. That was art. The good relationship between Vincent